Pharmacognosy Lecture Notes Ppt «Premium Quality»

: Leaves (Digitalis), Roots (Rauwolfia), Barks (Cinnamon).

┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Crude Drug Classification │ └───────────────────┬────────────────────┘ │ ┌────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ▼ Alphabetical Taxonomic/Botanical Morphological (A-Z by Latin/English) (Family, Genus, Species) (Organized vs Unorganized) │ │ │ ├────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────┘ ▼ ▼ Pharmacological Chemical (Therapeutic Effect) (Active Constituents) 1. Alphabetical Classification

Qualitative Identification Tests (Mayer’s test, Dragendorff’s test, Wagner's test with color results).

Polyphenolic, astringent compounds that precipitate proteins. Used for healing wounds and treating diarrhea (e.g., Catechu). pharmacognosy lecture notes ppt

Adulteration—the intentional or accidental substitution of genuine drugs with inferior, defective, or harmful substances—requires strict evaluation protocols. 1. Organoleptic (Morphological) Evaluation

Alkaloids, Glycosides, Volatile oils, Tannins, Resins, Carbohydrates. Pharmacological/Therapeutic Classification

: Grouped by therapeutic action on human organ systems. Cardiotonics : Digitalis, Arjuna. Purgatives : Senna, Castor oil. Carminatives : Cardamom, Coriander. Cultivation, Collection, and Processing : Leaves (Digitalis), Roots (Rauwolfia), Barks (Cinnamon)

Polyphenolic compounds and complex amorphous mixtures. Cultivation, Collection, and Processing

Accurate identification is vital to prevent adulteration and ensure drug safety. Evaluation methods confirm both identity and quality. Organoleptic (Morphological) Evaluation

┌──────────────────────────────┐ │ Classification Methods │ └──────────────┬───────────────┘ │ ┌───────────────┬───────┼───────┬───────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Alphabetical Taxonomic Morphological Chemical Therapeutic 1. Alphabetical Classification : Arranged by Latin or English names. Examples : Acacia, Benzoin, Cinchona, Digitalis. Pro : Simple to use and update. Con : No scientific or chemical correlation. 2. Taxonomic (Biological) Classification Polyphenolic, astringent compounds that precipitate proteins

: Collected before or during flowering (e.g., Digitalis).

Qualitative chemical tests for active constituents. Biological Evaluation: Bioassays to determine potency. 3. Study of Active Constituents (Phytochemistry)

Distinct shapes found in Rice, Potato, and Maize. Physical Evaluation

High moisture leads to fungal spoilage. Measured by loss on drying.

Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. It forms a core pillar of pharmaceutical sciences, bridging ancient traditional medicine with modern drug discovery.