Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin for oxygen transport. Deficiency leads to Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), the most common micro-nutrient deficiency globally.
The study of nutrition began with the observation that certain foods cured specific diseases.
: The metabolic cost of digesting, absorbing, and processing nutrients. Protein demands the highest TEF (20–30% of its caloric value). It accounts for ~10% of TEE.
Provides approximately 4 kcal per gram, though utilizing protein for energy is metabolically inefficient compared to carbohydrates. Lipids (Fats) human nutrition lecture notes jimma university pdf
: Collagen synthesis, antioxidant, enhances non-heme iron absorption. Deficiency causes Scurvy (bleeding gums, petechiae, impaired wound healing). Major Minerals and Trace Elements
: The energy expended to sustain foundational homeostatic life functions (cardiac output, respiration, renal filtration, ion pumping) measured under highly standardized resting, post-absorptive states. It constitutes 60–75% of TEE.
: Initiated at six months of age to fill the widening energy and micronutrient gaps (especially iron) that breast milk alone can no longer satisfy. Complementary foods must be energy-dense, hygienically prepared, and introduced gradually alongside continued breastfeeding. Geriatric Nutrition Component of hemoglobin and myoglobin for oxygen transport
PEM manifests in two primary distinct clinical syndromes, though a mixed form (Marasmic-Kwashiorkor) is common: :
Edematous malnutrition caused by severe protein deficiency relative to energy intake. Symptoms include bilateral pitting edema, a swollen "moon-face," a distended abdomen, and skin lesions ("flaky paint" dermatosis). Micronutrient Deficiencies ("Hidden Hunger")
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Life Cycle Nutrition Phases │ └───────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘ ┌────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────┐ ▼ ▼ ▼ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐ │ Pregnancy/Lacta. │ │ Infant/Childhood │ │Geriatric Nutrition│ │ High energy, Fe, │ │ High protein/kg, │ │ Lower energy, │ │ folate, calcium │ │ EBF for 6 months │ │ high micro needs │ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────────┘ Pregnancy and Lactation : The metabolic cost of digesting, absorbing, and
A standard comprehensive PDF of Jimma University’s nutrition notes is typically divided into several foundational modules. Introduction to Human Nutrition
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: FAD and FMN coenzymes for redox reactions. Deficiency causes angular stomatitis, cheilosis, and glossitis.